Почему postfix не отправляет письма?

Можно подробней?

В командной строке попробуйте dig gmail.com или host gmail.com

Axian Ltd.:

:~ # host gmail.com
gmail.com has address 173.194.122.246
gmail.com has address 173.194.122.245
gmail.com has IPv6 address 2a00:1450:4010:c0d::13
gmail.com mail is handled by 10 alt1.gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com.
gmail.com mail is handled by 20 alt2.gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com.
gmail.com mail is handled by 30 alt3.gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com.
gmail.com mail is handled by 5 gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com.
gmail.com mail is handled by 40 alt4.gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com.

Зы. Не понял. А если вклювить отладку на конкретный сайт
В main.cf добавить
debug_peer_list=gmail.com
Повторить вашу операцию отправки и проверит mail.log

Axian Ltd.:

Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/trivial-rewrite[1122]: warning: virtual_mailbox_domains: mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/virtual_mailbox_domains.cf: table lookup problem
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/trivial-rewrite[1122]: warning: virtual_mailbox_domains lookup failure
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/qmgr[1033]: 91B6BEC5CB0: from=<root@dataharbour.tk>, size=131304, nrcpt=1 (queue active)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/trivial-rewrite[1122]: warning: virtual_mailbox_domains: mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/virtual_mailbox_domains.cf: table lookup problem
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/qmgr[1033]: 988B4EC5CB1: from=<root@dataharbour.tk>, size=2522, nrcpt=1 (queue active)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/qmgr[1033]: AF34CEC5CB3: from=<root@dataharbour.tk>, size=256586, nrcpt=1 (queue active)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1124]: error: open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1124]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases is unavailable. open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1124]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases: lookup of 'root' failed
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1126]: error: open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/qmgr[1033]: B9D92EC5CB6: from=<root@dataharbour.tk>, size=153864, nrcpt=1 (queue active)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1126]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases is unavailable. open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1126]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases: lookup of 'root' failed
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/error[1123]: 885BCEC5CA6: to=<MiF36rus@gmail.com>, relay=none, delay=345283, delays=345283/0.05/0/0.05, dsn=4.3.0, status=deferred (address resolver failure)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/qmgr[1033]: B471CEC5CB4: from=<root@dataharbour.tk>, size=2924, nrcpt=1 (queue active)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1124]: 91B6BEC5CB0: to=<root@dataharbour.tk>, orig_to=<root>, relay=local, delay=315816, delays=315816/0.05/0/0.04, dsn=4.3.0, status=deferred (alias database unavailable)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/qmgr[1033]: CE87CEC5CBE: from=<test@dataharbour.tk>, size=468, nrcpt=1 (queue active)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/trivial-rewrite[1122]: warning: virtual_mailbox_domains: mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/virtual_mailbox_domains.cf: table lookup problem
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/trivial-rewrite[1122]: warning: virtual_mailbox_domains lookup failure
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1126]: 988B4EC5CB1: to=<root@dataharbour.tk>, orig_to=<root>, relay=local, delay=315813, delays=315813/0.04/0/0.01, dsn=4.3.0, status=deferred (alias database unavailable)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/qmgr[1033]: C1DBDEC5CB9: from=<root@dataharbour.tk>, size=3313, nrcpt=1 (queue active)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/trivial-rewrite[1122]: warning: virtual_mailbox_domains: mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/virtual_mailbox_domains.cf: table lookup problem
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/qmgr[1033]: C4AE1EC5CBB: from=<root@dataharbour.tk>, size=360864, nrcpt=1 (queue active)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1124]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases is unavailable. open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1126]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases is unavailable. open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1124]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases: lookup of 'root' failed
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1126]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases: lookup of 'root' failed
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/qmgr[1033]: CBC23EC5CBC: from=<root@dataharbour.tk>, size=3701, nrcpt=1 (queue active)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/qmgr[1033]: D12CCEC5CBF: from=<test@dataharbour.tk>, size=363, nrcpt=1 (queue active)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/trivial-rewrite[1122]: warning: virtual_mailbox_domains: mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/virtual_mailbox_domains.cf: table lookup problem
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/qmgr[1033]: D68EFEC5CC0: from=<test@dataharbour.tk>, size=471, nrcpt=1 (queue active)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/error[1123]: CE87CEC5CBE: to=<MiF36rus@gmail.com>, relay=none, delay=5983, delays=5983/0.02/0/0.02, dsn=4.3.0, status=deferred (address resolver failure)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1129]: error: open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1124]: AF34CEC5CB3: to=<root@dataharbour.tk>, orig_to=<root>, relay=local, delay=229512, delays=229512/0.07/0/0.01, dsn=4.3.0, status=deferred (alias database unavailable)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1124]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases is unavailable. open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1124]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases: lookup of 'root' failed
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1129]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases is unavailable. open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1129]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases: lookup of 'test' failed
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1126]: B9D92EC5CB6: to=<root@dataharbour.tk>, orig_to=<root>, relay=local, delay=142598, delays=142598/0.07/0/0.02, dsn=4.3.0, status=deferred (alias database unavailable)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1126]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases is unavailable. open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1126]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases: lookup of 'root' failed
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1130]: error: open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1129]: D12CCEC5CBF: to=<test@dataharbour.tk>, relay=local, delay=5823, delays=5823/0.02/0/0.01, dsn=4.3.0, status=deferred (alias database unavailable)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1130]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases is unavailable. open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1130]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases: lookup of 'test' failed
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1124]: B471CEC5CB4: to=<root@dataharbour.tk>, orig_to=<root>, relay=local, delay=229509, delays=229509/0.05/0/0.01, dsn=4.3.0, status=deferred (alias database unavailable)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1124]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases is unavailable. open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1124]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases: lookup of 'root' failed
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1126]: C1DBDEC5CB9: to=<root@dataharbour.tk>, orig_to=<root>, relay=local, delay=142595, delays=142595/0.04/0/0.01, dsn=4.3.0, status=deferred (alias database unavailable)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1126]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases is unavailable. open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1126]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases: lookup of 'root' failed
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1124]: C4AE1EC5CBB: to=<root@dataharbour.tk>, orig_to=<root>, relay=local, delay=56714, delays=56714/0.03/0/0.01, dsn=4.3.0, status=deferred (alias database unavailable)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1130]: D68EFEC5CC0: to=<test@dataharbour.tk>, relay=local, delay=5483, delays=5483/0.02/0/0.02, dsn=4.3.0, status=deferred (alias database unavailable)
Mar 10 18:46:20 mail postfix/local[1126]: CBC23EC5CBC: to=<root@dataharbour.tk>, orig_to=<root>, relay=local, delay=56711, delays=56711/0.03/0/0.01, dsn=4.3.0, status=deferred (alias database unavailable)
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix[1153]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 605: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=gmail.com
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/master[1158]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 605: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=gmail.com
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/postlog[1159]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 605: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=gmail.com
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/postfix-script[1159]: stopping the Postfix mail system
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/master[1031]: terminating on signal 15
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/master[1161]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 605: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=gmail.com
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix[1166]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 605: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=gmail.com
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/master[1171]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 605: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=gmail.com
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/postsuper[1205]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 605: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=gmail.com
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/postlog[1229]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 605: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=gmail.com
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/postfix-script[1229]: starting the Postfix mail system
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/master[1231]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 605: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=gmail.com
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/master[1231]: daemon started -- version 3.1.4, configuration /etc/postfix
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/qmgr[1233]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 605: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=gmail.com
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/pickup[1232]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 605: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=gmail.com
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/qmgr[1233]: 3521DEC5CC4: from=<test@dataharbour.tk>, size=471, nrcpt=1 (queue active)
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/trivial-rewrite[1234]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 605: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=gmail.com
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/trivial-rewrite[1234]: warning: mysql query failed: You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'query = SELECT domain FROM domain WHERE domain='dataharbour.tk' AND backupmx = '' at line 1
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/trivial-rewrite[1234]: warning: virtual_mailbox_domains: mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/virtual_mailbox_domains.cf: table lookup problem
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/local[1235]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 605: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=gmail.com
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/local[1235]: error: open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/local[1235]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases is unavailable. open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/local[1235]: warning: hash:/etc/aliases: lookup of 'test' failed
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/bounce[1236]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 605: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=gmail.com
Mar 10 18:50:28 mail postfix/local[1235]: 3521DEC5CC4: to=<test@dataharbour.tk>, relay=local, delay=2448, delays=2448/0.03/0/0.01, dsn=4.3.0, status=deferred (alias database unavailable)
Mar 10 18:51:46 mail postfix[1252]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 626: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=127.0.0.1
Mar 10 18:51:46 mail postfix/master[1257]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 626: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=127.0.0.1
Mar 10 18:51:46 mail postfix/postlog[1258]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 626: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=127.0.0.1
Mar 10 18:51:46 mail postfix/postfix-script[1258]: stopping the Postfix mail system
Mar 10 18:51:46 mail postfix/master[1231]: terminating on signal 15
Mar 10 18:51:46 mail postfix/master[1260]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 626: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=127.0.0.1
Mar 10 18:51:46 mail postfix[1265]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 626: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=127.0.0.1
Mar 10 18:51:46 mail postfix/master[1270]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 626: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=127.0.0.1
Mar 10 18:51:46 mail postfix/postsuper[1304]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 626: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=127.0.0.1
Mar 10 18:51:46 mail postfix/postlog[1328]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 626: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=127.0.0.1
Mar 10 18:51:46 mail postfix/postfix-script[1328]: starting the Postfix mail system
Mar 10 18:51:46 mail postfix/master[1330]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 626: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=127.0.0.1
Mar 10 18:51:46 mail postfix/master[1330]: daemon started -- version 3.1.4, configuration /etc/postfix
Mar 10 18:51:46 mail postfix/qmgr[1332]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 626: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=127.0.0.1
Mar 10 18:51:46 mail postfix/pickup[1331]: warning: /etc/postfix/main.cf, line 626: overriding earlier entry: debug_peer_list=127.0.0.1
Mar 10 18:52:53 mail postfix/postfix-script[1352]: stopping the Postfix mail system
Mar 10 18:52:53 mail postfix/master[1330]: terminating on signal 15
Mar 10 18:52:53 mail postfix/postfix-script[1422]: starting the Postfix mail system
Mar 10 18:52:53 mail postfix/master[1424]: daemon started -- version 3.1.4, configuration /etc/postfix
Mar 10 18:53:23 mail postfix/smtpd[1427]: error: open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory
Mar 10 18:53:23 mail postfix/smtpd[1427]: connect from unknown[185.40.77.13]
Mar 10 18:53:44 mail postfix/trivial-rewrite[1431]: warning: mysql query failed: You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'query = SELECT domain FROM domain WHERE domain='dataharbour.tk' AND backupmx = '' at line 1
Mar 10 18:53:44 mail postfix/trivial-rewrite[1431]: warning: virtual_mailbox_domains: mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/virtual_mailbox_domains.cf: table lookup problem
Mar 10 18:54:03 mail postfix/trivial-rewrite[1431]: warning: virtual_mailbox_domains: mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/virtual_mailbox_domains.cf: table lookup problem
Mar 10 18:54:03 mail postfix/trivial-rewrite[1431]: warning: virtual_mailbox_domains lookup failure
Mar 10 18:54:03 mail postfix/smtpd[1427]: NOQUEUE: reject: RCPT from unknown[185.40.77.13]: 451 4.3.0 <mif36rus@gmail.com>: Temporary lookup failure; from=<test@dataharbour.tk> to=<mif36rus@gmail.com> proto=SMTP

Так все же написано ;-) В настройках куча ошибок. Даже скорее postfix вообще не настраивали. Например, у вас указана в настройках virtual_mailbox_domains (видимо в mysql), а сведения о dataharbour.tk postfix из нееивыбрать не может. Нет aliases.db. Да много чего.

Берите это листинг и потихоньку начинайте исправлять.

Axian Ltd.: Postfix настроил как в этом посте https://habrahabr.ru/post/193220/

Axian Ltd.: Есть какой нибуть подробный мануал по настройке postfix?

И книжки есть, и мануалов куча. Например, см. ссылку на оригинальную документацию выше. Но я подозреваю, что вы сразу взялись за далеко нетривиальную конфигурацию. У вас там и mysql и виртуальные домены. Btw народ imho, давно руками такие вещи не настраивает, берут готовую сборку почтовой системы под свои требования. Я пользуюсь zarafa, zimbra, и простыми плоскими postfix+dovecot+roundcube.

Axian Ltd.: Сервер с эти добром уже был на работе дали задачу донастроить до рабочего состояния, вот и сижу теперь ищу что с этим можно сделать

Понятно. Тогда нужно брать лог выше и постепенно устранять ошибки. Btw у вас mysql уже установлен и настроен для работы с postfix?

Axian Ltd.: MySQL установлен в нем создана новая база postfix и пользователь postfix в конфигах postfixa прописано имя пользователя, пароль, и название базы.

А домены там прописаны в соответствующих таблицах? Администиировать все это хозяйство как собираетесь?

Axian Ltd.: домены не прописаны само собой, честно говоря ни разу с базами дел не имел так что пока не знаю.

Максим: так можно и без базы.

vanoc: Я так понял, что задача довести до рабочего состояния то, уже наставлено, но не донастроено. Понятно, что если доменов один, два, три - городить все это в mysql - из пушки по воробьям. Хотелось бы вообще увидеть архитектуру всего решения, что-то там много чего подтянули. У автора это уже не первый вопрос по этому предмету.