Из-за чего debug assertion failed?

Ловлю эту ошибку при попытке запустить проект на sfml из exeшника, а не из visual studio.
В чём может быть причина возникновения ошибки?
Код (простите за максимальную неоптимизированность, немонолитность и беспорядочность, но, вместо исправления этого, силы сейчас посланы на попытки сделать exe работоспособным хотя бы в dynamic debug конфигурации):

#include <SFML/Graphics.hpp>
#include <io.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <iostream>

short gamemode = 0;
int score = 0;

class Player : public sf::Drawable
{
public:
	
	float x = 120;
	float y = 40;
	sf::Sprite playerSprite;
	float a = -0.5f;
	float v = 0;
	int score;

	Player(float xu, float yu, sf::Sprite sprite) {
		playerSprite = sprite;
	};
	
	void playerUpdate() {
		if (y < -30 || y > 600) {
			gamemode = 2;
		}
		v += a;
		y -= v;
		playerSprite.setPosition(x, y);
	}

protected:
	void draw(sf::RenderTarget& target, sf::RenderStates state) const
	{
		target.draw(playerSprite);
	}
private:

};

class BackgroundImg {
public:
	float y;
	float a = 0.05f;
	float v = 0;
	BackgroundImg(float yu) {
		y = yu;
	};
	float bgUpdate() {
		v += a;
		y -= v;
		if (y < -40) {
			v = 0;
			y = -40;
		}
		return y;
	}
};

class PipePair : public	sf::Drawable{ 
public:
	float y_gap = 150;
	float x, uy, dy;
	sf::Sprite spru;
	sf::Sprite sprd;
	PipePair(sf::Sprite sprite1, sf::Sprite sprite2, float x1, float y) {
		spru = sprite1;
		sprd = sprite2;
		x = x1;
		uy = y;
		dy = uy + 470 + y_gap;
		spru.setPosition(x, uy);
		sprd.setPosition(x, dy);
	}
	void pipUPD(Player player) {
		x += -10;
		if (x < -100) {
			x = 1200;
			
			uy = -(rand() % 440);
			dy = uy + 470 + y_gap;
		}
		spru.setPosition(x, uy);
		sprd.setPosition(x, dy);
		if ((player.x + 67 >= x && player.x + 67 <= x + 100) || (player.x + 32 >= x && player.x + 32 <= x + 100)) {
			if (player.y + 1 > uy + 470 && player.y + 33 < dy) {
				score += 1;
			}
			else {
				gamemode = 2;
			}
		}
	}
protected:
	void draw(sf::RenderTarget& target, sf::RenderStates state) const
	{
		target.draw(spru);
		target.draw(sprd);
	}
};




int main()
{
	srand(time(0));
	_setmode(_fileno(stdout), _O_U16TEXT);
	_setmode(_fileno(stdin), _O_U16TEXT);
	_setmode(_fileno(stderr), _O_U16TEXT);

	sf::RenderWindow window(sf::VideoMode(1100, 600), L"Rebuild Of Usi-Adventure");
	sf::Image backImage;
	backImage.loadFromFile("images/background.png");
	sf::Image playerImage;
	playerImage.loadFromFile("images/player.png");
	sf::Image pipeImage;
	pipeImage.loadFromFile("images/pipe.png");

	sf::Texture backTexture;
	backTexture.loadFromImage(backImage);
	sf::Texture playerTexture;
	playerTexture.loadFromImage(playerImage);
	sf::Texture pipeTex;
	pipeTex.loadFromImage(pipeImage);

	sf::Sprite backSprite;
	backSprite.setTexture(backTexture);
	sf::Sprite playerSprite;
	playerSprite.setTexture(playerTexture);
	sf::Sprite pipeSD;
	sf::Sprite pipeSU;
	pipeSD.setTexture(pipeTex);
	pipeSU.setTexture(pipeTex);

	float x = 10;
	float y = 200;
	playerSprite.setPosition(x, y);
	Player player(x, y, playerSprite);

	float xbg = -30, ybg = -40;
	backSprite.setPosition(xbg, ybg);
	BackgroundImg back(ybg);
	
	PipePair pip1(pipeSU, pipeSD, 900, -100);
	PipePair pip2(pipeSU, pipeSD, 1500, -300);

	while (window.isOpen())
	{
		sf::Event event;
		sf::Clock clock;
		float time;
		window.setVerticalSyncEnabled(true);
		while (window.pollEvent(event))
		{
			if (event.type == sf::Event::Closed)
				window.close();
			if (gamemode == 0) {
				if ((event.type == sf::Event::KeyPressed) && (event.key.code == sf::Keyboard::Space)) {
					gamemode = 1;
				}
			}
			else if (gamemode == 1) {		
				if ((event.type == sf::Event::KeyPressed) && (event.key.code == sf::Keyboard::Space)) {
					player.v = 12;
					back.v = -0.9F;
				}
			}
			else if (gamemode == 2) {
				if ((event.type == sf::Event::KeyPressed) && (event.key.code == sf::Keyboard::Space)) {
					gamemode = 1;
				}
			}
		}
		
		window.clear();
		time = clock.getElapsedTime().asMilliseconds();
		clock.restart();
		window.draw(backSprite);
		if (gamemode == 1) {
			player.playerUpdate();
			pip1.pipUPD(player);
			pip2.pipUPD(player);
			playerSprite.setPosition(player.x, player.y);
			backSprite.setPosition(xbg, back.bgUpdate());		
			window.draw(pip1);
			window.draw(pip2);
			window.draw(player);
		}
		window.display();
	}

	return 0;
}